They started with a handful of cells taken from a volunteer’s skin.

The cells were engineered in two different laboratories, first to revert the skin cells back to a nascent state, known as pluripotent stem cells, and then to highlight different parts of the cells with glowing fluorescent labels. Nearly 400 vials are now at home in 17 different countries to empower research in foundational cell biology as well as in disease and regenerative medicine.

They are the cells that make up the Allen Cell Collection, a suite of engineered stem cells built for discovery and translation both at the Allen Institute for Cell Science and for the broader research community.

This month, the collection is 2 years old, and the cells are now for the first time available to scientists doing research in industry. They’ve been available for non-profit and academic use since the collection’s inception in 2016.

“Our team is all about foundational cell biology,” said Rick Horwitz, Ph.D., Executive Director of the Allen Institute for Cell Science, a division of the Allen Institute. “We’re now expanding accessibility by offering these cell lines to the entire research community.”

The researchers who generate these cells have three overlapping end goals in generating this collection: to create an image-based cell atlas, understand the principles of cell organization, and determine how cells transition from state to state. In doing this, they are using highly reproducible and standardized procedures that are shared openly with the scientific community, along with their reagents, data, and methods, and the cell lines themselves.

The research world benefits from a solid baseline for study and comparison, said Ruwanthi Gunawardane, Ph.D., Director of Stem Cells and Gene Editing at the Allen Institute for Cell Science, the team of researchers who generate the Allen Cell Collection cell lines by gene-editing them to highlight different microscopic structures with glowing fluorescent labels.

“You have to start with good data to build good models. Part of generating good data is having high quality cells that are made in a standardized and well characterized way,” Gunawardane said. “These cells also allow people to compare data from lab to lab. Everybody’s going to benefit, not just us.”

Converging technologies

The Allen Cell Collection represents a shift in the cell biology field toward studying cells that are more representative of healthy human cells. Traditionally, cell biologists have used cancerous cells in their studies, not just for understanding the biology of cancer, but because the cells are much easier to keep alive in the lab. Cancer cells differ from normal human cells in a lot of ways, but researchers didn’t have a good method to study normal human cells in a petri dish until relatively recently.

A little over a decade ago, the Japanese cell biologist Shinya Yamanaka, M.D., Ph.D., spearheaded a new method to generate stem cells from mature human cells, making possible the technology that eventually led to the Allen Cell Collection. These stem cells start their lives in the connective tissue of the skin. Yamanaka figured out how to make a few genetic tweaks in these adult skin cells that reverts them back to an immature stage.

These stem cells are known as pluripotent, meaning with the right manipulations in the lab, they can give rise to muscle, nerve, kidney and other types of human cells that scientists may want to study. And they are relatively easy to grow and handle in the lab.

One of Yamanaka’s colleagues, Bruce Conklin, M.D., a stem cell researcher at the Gladstone Institutes, used the technique to generate a stable population of stem cells, known as a cell line, that his research team made from a volunteer who donated a small skin biopsy. That cell line later became the foundation for the Allen Cell Collection.

The Allen Institute for Cell Science researchers use a method of gene editing that relies on the CRISPR technology, a newly developed method for easily changing a cell’s genes. The convergence of these two technologies allowed the creation of the Allen Cell Collection, Gunawardane said.

Cardiomyocytes generated from human stem cells. This cell line was edited to fluorescently tag a protein that only shows up in cardiomyocytes.

Writing the next cell biology textbook

The research team has now generated and made available 31 cell lines with fluorescent tags for 28 different subcellular structures, with more coming down the pike. Five of those lines include glowing labels that can only be seen when the stem cells are manipulated to change into cardiomyocytes, or heart muscle cells. The cell lines are distributed to research labs through the Coriell Institute for Medical Research.

Many of those tags mark very well-known structures in the cell, such as the nucleus, which houses the cell’s DNA blueprint.

“Marking those well-known structures provides a scaffolding for understanding cell biology,” Conklin said. “By choosing these classic ‘textbook’ markers, the Allen Institute is providing the foundation for people who are trying to write the unwritten chapters of the next textbook.”

The lines are being used to study heart cells, brain cells, and kidney disease, and the researchers hope that opening up their availability for research in industry will also accelerate disease research and drug discovery.

“If researchers who are developing new drugs or testing drugs have a more relevant system to do that in, then they might be able to better predict what’s going to happen in a human,” Gunawardane said. “To me that’s really exciting.”